Facing a criminal charge or recovering from an injury in Succasunna can feel overwhelming. At the Law Office of Edward Appel, we help Morris County residents and visitors navigate real problems with steady guidance and clear communication. Whether you were stopped near Route 10 for a DUI, hurt in a collision on local roads, or confronting a misdemeanor or felony, you deserve prompt answers and a practical plan. From your first call to 856-856-2373, we focus on protecting your rights, preserving evidence, and setting expectations. Our goal is to simplify the path ahead, reduce uncertainty, and position your case for the strongest possible outcome under New Jersey law.
This page explains how criminal defense and personal injury cases work in Succasunna and greater Morris County, what steps to take now, and how we approach strategy, negotiations, and trial preparation. You will learn key terms, timelines, and options so you can make informed choices at each stage. We tailor guidance to the facts of your situation, whether it involves charges filed in local courts or an injury claim with an insurer. If you need direct help today, call 856-856-2373. A short conversation can clarify immediate next steps and help you avoid mistakes that may affect your record, finances, or long-term recovery.
Working with a Succasunna-focused firm means you benefit from familiarity with Morris County courts, local procedures, and insurers that commonly handle regional claims. In criminal matters, early guidance can help protect your rights, preserve video or witness statements, and identify opportunities for reduced penalties or diversion programs. In personal injury cases, timely action can document injuries, track medical treatment, and support negotiations aimed at fair compensation. Our approach emphasizes communication, careful review of evidence, and realistic goal setting. By keeping you informed and prepared, we help reduce stress, avoid avoidable delays, and build a strategy that aligns with your priorities and the facts.
The Law Office of Edward Appel represents individuals and families across New Jersey with a focus on criminal defense, DUI, and personal injury. Our firm blends thorough case investigation with practical, client-centered advocacy. We work closely with clients from Succasunna and throughout Morris County, coordinating with local courts and medical providers and keeping communication prompt and straightforward. Every matter receives careful attention to the details that can shape results—charging documents, police reports, crash data, medical records, and insurance correspondence. We prioritize preparation, professional courtesy, and measured strategy, aiming for efficient resolutions while being prepared to litigate when negotiations stall.
Criminal defense in New Jersey involves protecting your rights from the moment of investigation through resolution, whether by dismissal, diversion, plea negotiations, or trial. Common issues include DUI stops, drug charges, theft, and assault. Early steps focus on securing discovery, challenging unlawful searches, and evaluating defenses. Court appearances, deadlines, and potential collateral consequences require attention. We emphasize preparation for each hearing, exploring alternatives, and maintaining open communication. Every decision should consider the evidence, risks, and your long-term goals, including employment, licensing, immigration status, and record implications.
Personal injury claims arise when someone is harmed by another’s negligence, such as a car crash, slip-and-fall, or unsafe property condition. The process includes documenting injuries, coordinating treatment, preserving evidence, and notifying insurers. Valuation often depends on medical records, lost wages, property damage, and how the injuries affect daily life. Negotiations can involve liability disputes, comparative negligence, and policy limits. Our approach is to build a clear, well-documented claim from the start, address gaps proactively, and present your damages in a persuasive, organized manner that encourages resolution while preserving your right to litigate.
A criminal case is the State of New Jersey alleging a violation of law. The State bears the burden of proving charges beyond a reasonable doubt, and you have protected rights at every stage. We examine how the investigation unfolded and whether constitutional safeguards were honored. A personal injury case is a civil claim seeking compensation for losses caused by negligence or wrongful conduct. The claimant must show duty, breach, causation, and damages. Insurance companies evaluate liability and damages and may dispute both. Understanding standards of proof and the role of evidence shapes strategy in both criminal and civil matters.
In criminal defense, we review charging documents, police reports, videos, and witness statements, then craft motions and negotiation strategies tailored to the facts and the court schedule. Hearings may address probable cause, suppression, or sentencing. In personal injury claims, we gather medical documentation, accident reports, photos, and expert evaluations when needed, then prepare demand packages and negotiate with insurers. Timelines depend on discovery, treatment status, and court calendars. Throughout, we communicate updates, discuss options, and weigh the benefits of settlement versus continued litigation. Preparation and documentation drive outcomes in both tracks.
Legal language can be confusing, especially when facing time-sensitive choices. These terms commonly arise in Succasunna criminal and injury matters and can affect strategy, timing, and settlement value. We explain each term in plain language, point out how it may apply to your situation, and outline practical next steps. Knowing what these concepts mean helps you follow the process, anticipate filings or hearings, and make informed decisions about negotiation, diversion opportunities, or litigation. If a term or deadline is unclear, we promptly clarify its impact and how it fits into your broader legal path.
Arraignment is an early court appearance in a criminal case where charges are formally presented, and you enter a plea. The court may address release conditions and future dates. Preparation matters because statements and conditions set at arraignment can influence your options. We review charging papers and the circumstances of the arrest beforehand, identify immediate defenses, and advocate for reasonable conditions. After arraignment, the case proceeds to discovery, motion practice, and negotiations. Understanding this step helps reduce anxiety and ensures your rights and obligations are clearly defined from the outset.
Comparative negligence is a New Jersey rule that allocates fault in injury cases. If you are partly responsible for an accident, your compensation can be reduced by your percentage of fault. If your share exceeds a legal threshold, recovery may be barred. Insurers often raise comparative negligence to minimize payouts, citing speed, distraction, or failure to follow warnings. We counter by gathering scene photos, witness accounts, and expert opinions, then presenting a clear narrative of how the incident occurred. Thorough documentation and timing of evidence can significantly influence fault assessments during negotiation or trial.
The statute of limitations sets deadlines for filing lawsuits. In injury cases, waiting too long can forfeit your right to pursue compensation, regardless of the underlying facts. Some claims have shorter notice requirements, such as those involving public entities. In criminal matters, statutes may limit when charges can be filed, with exceptions for certain offenses. Because rules vary, prompt review is important to avoid missed deadlines and to preserve evidence while it is still accessible. We identify applicable timelines early and adjust strategy to protect your rights while maintaining leverage in negotiations.
Discovery is the exchange of information and evidence. In criminal cases, it includes police reports, videos, lab results, and witness statements. In injury cases, it encompasses medical records, accident reports, photos, and expert analyses. Discovery helps test the strength of claims and defenses and often shapes negotiations. We use discovery to spot inconsistencies, locate supportive witnesses, and determine whether motions should be filed. Organizing this material and addressing gaps early improves efficiency and positions the case for either settlement or trial with fewer surprises and clearer expectations.
Some matters resolve effectively with targeted steps, while others benefit from a broader strategy that anticipates motions, contested hearings, or trial. In criminal cases, a limited approach might address a specific issue, like a discrete suppression motion or a focused plea discussion. In injury claims, a streamlined process may involve a demand package and direct negotiation. A comprehensive plan, by contrast, includes deeper investigation, expert consultation, and preparation for litigation. We help you weigh costs, timelines, and risks at each stage so you can choose a path that aligns with your goals and circumstances.
If you are facing a lower-level offense with strong mitigation or a clear path to diversion, a limited approach may be effective. We focus on obtaining discovery quickly, presenting helpful background information, and negotiating a fair resolution without unnecessary delay. This targeted plan can limit court appearances, reduce stress, and contain costs. The aim is to protect your record while preserving future opportunities. We remain ready to pivot if new information surfaces, but we start with a streamlined plan designed to reach a sensible outcome through cooperative dialogue and timely action.
When an injury claim features clear fault, well-documented treatment, and supportive witnesses, a focused demand and negotiation strategy can lead to a fair settlement without litigation. We gather complete records, present damages in a concise package, and engage insurers promptly. This approach helps keep momentum, encourages timely offers, and allows you to move forward sooner. If negotiations stall or new disputes arise, we can expand the strategy to include depositions, expert input, or filing suit. Starting with a direct path saves time and resources while preserving leverage if escalation becomes necessary.
Felony-level allegations, multiple counts, or cases involving contested searches and forensic evidence often call for a comprehensive plan. We conduct a thorough investigation, pursue targeted motions, consult with appropriate professionals, and prepare for contested hearings and potential trial. A broader approach allows us to develop layered defenses, anticipate the State’s strategy, and protect your rights at each juncture. By mapping the case from arraignment through possible trial, we maintain focus on both immediate needs and long-term goals, including minimizing collateral consequences that could impact employment or family responsibilities.
When injuries are significant or liability is disputed, a full strategy helps strengthen your claim. We gather comprehensive medical evidence, retain appropriate experts when warranted, and investigate the scene to clarify how the incident occurred. Detailed documentation of pain, limitations, and financial impact supports accurate valuation. If the insurer contests fault or damages, we prepare for litigation, including depositions and motion practice. This approach ensures no important issue is overlooked, encourages meaningful settlement discussions, and positions your case for trial if fair resolution cannot be reached through negotiation.
A comprehensive approach brings structure and momentum to your case. In criminal matters, it means analyzing each piece of evidence for potential motions, anticipating the State’s arguments, and preparing for negotiations or trial with clarity. In injury claims, it ensures your medical story is fully documented, damages are accurately presented, and liability is supported by credible proof. This larger view helps prevent missed deadlines, reduces surprises, and promotes consistent advocacy. By aligning goals, evidence, and timing, we build leverage for better resolutions while keeping you informed and involved in each major decision.
Comprehensive planning also supports smarter resource use. By identifying the strongest issues early, we can prioritize efforts that deliver the greatest impact. That might mean a pivotal motion, a key witness interview, or targeted expert input. In both criminal and injury cases, steady documentation and regular updates help negotiations move forward while preserving your ability to litigate if needed. The result is a clear roadmap that adapts as facts develop, giving you confidence that your matter is moving with purpose toward a fair, efficient, and durable outcome under New Jersey law.
When we review evidence thoroughly and plan several steps ahead, defenses and claims become clearer. We organize police records, witness accounts, medical files, and photos into a cohesive narrative that supports your position. This clarity helps during negotiations and hearings, guiding decisions on when to push forward or consider resolution. A well-structured case also reduces delays because everyone understands the issues and the path to resolve them. The result is a consistent message supported by facts, delivered at the right time, and aligned with the strategies most likely to advance your goals.
Detailed preparation creates leverage. In criminal matters, strong motions and well-documented mitigation can influence outcomes. In injury cases, clear liability proof and complete medical documentation encourage fair offers. When the other side sees a case built for trial, settlement discussions tend to be more productive. If resolution is not fair, you are better positioned to proceed confidently. Our intent is to keep options open, present your position persuasively, and make sure the work done along the way adds real value to negotiations and, when necessary, to courtroom advocacy.
Time matters in both criminal and injury cases. In criminal matters, delays can risk losing video footage, dashcam recordings, or eyewitness contact information. In injury claims, early medical evaluation and consistent treatment notes provide essential proof of harm and recovery. Photograph the scene, save damaged property, and keep a record of communications with insurers or law enforcement. Avoid discussing your case on social media. Promptly consult with counsel so deadlines are identified and evidence is preserved. A swift, organized start often shapes how smoothly the rest of the case unfolds in Succasunna and Morris County.
For criminal or traffic matters, calendar every court date and arrive early. Bring any requested documents and dress in a way that shows respect for the process. If you have questions about what to expect at a specific hearing, ask beforehand. We prepare you for each appearance, explain potential outcomes, and discuss how your conduct can affect negotiations. Keep your contact information current with the court to avoid missed notices. Simple steps—punctuality, preparation, and communication—help reduce stress and support a more favorable path through the Succasunna and Morris County court system.
Legal challenges are personal, and the stakes are real. If you’re facing charges or recovering from an injury in Succasunna, you deserve attentive counsel that explains options and keeps you informed. Our firm focuses on thorough preparation, practical negotiation, and readiness for litigation when necessary. We work to protect your rights, support your recovery, and minimize disruptions to your life. From urgent decisions after an arrest to coordinating medical care and claim valuation, we guide each step with transparency and steady communication tailored to your needs and goals.
Local knowledge can make a meaningful difference. We regularly handle matters in Morris County and understand the expectations of nearby courts, adjusters, and medical providers. That perspective helps us set realistic timelines, anticipate challenges, and pursue opportunities for resolution. With a clear plan, organized evidence, and open dialogue, you can make thoughtful decisions about settlement options, diversion programs, or trial. If you want a legal team that values preparation and straightforward guidance, call 856-856-2373. We are ready to listen, answer questions, and help you move forward with confidence.
We routinely assist people after traffic stops on Route 10, collisions on busy local roads, and incidents at retail centers or residential properties in and around Succasunna. Criminal matters often involve DUI, drug possession, theft, or assault allegations. Injury claims frequently arise from car accidents, slip-and-falls, and unsafe conditions. Each situation requires timely action, careful documentation, and an understanding of local procedures. We coordinate with courts, insurers, and medical providers to keep cases organized and moving. If your situation feels stressful or unclear, a brief call can help establish priorities and next steps.
Being pulled over for suspected DUI or DWI is unnerving. We review the basis for the stop, field sobriety procedures, and any breath or blood results. Timing matters, as video footage and witness memories fade. Our goal is to challenge questionable evidence, pursue appropriate motions, and evaluate potential alternatives where available. We also address license implications and insurance concerns that can follow. With a plan focused on the facts of your stop and local practice in Morris County, we work to protect your rights while you continue with work and family obligations.
Collisions in and around Succasunna can cause immediate and long-term challenges. We gather police reports, contact witnesses, secure scene photos, and coordinate medical records to document injuries and financial losses. Insurers may dispute fault or the extent of harm, so early, consistent treatment and thorough documentation are important. We handle communication with adjusters, prepare a demand package, and negotiate toward fair compensation. If reasonable settlement is not offered, we discuss litigation options and timing. Our focus is to protect your claim, reduce stress, and support your recovery from start to finish.
Property-related charges can affect employment prospects and personal reputation. We analyze the facts, the value of items involved, and the quality of the evidence. Where appropriate, we pursue options that may minimize penalties or long-term consequences. We also address restitution and other conditions that may influence resolution. Throughout the process, we keep you informed, prepare you for court, and work to protect your record. By approaching the case with organization and respect for the court’s expectations, we aim for a result that allows you to move forward with confidence and stability.
Clients choose our firm for preparation, communication, and commitment to clear strategy. We explain the law in plain terms, outline realistic outcomes, and keep you updated from start to finish. Our aim is to reduce surprises and maintain momentum, so you always know what to expect next. If negotiations make sense, we pursue them confidently. If litigation is necessary, we are ready. Your goals drive every decision, and we tailor the approach to your situation, budget, and tolerance for risk.
We handle criminal defense, DUI, and personal injury cases with a focus on thorough documentation and timely action. In criminal matters, that can mean challenging evidence and exploring alternatives. In injury cases, it means building a persuasive claim supported by medical records and credible proof. We coordinate with local courts and providers around Succasunna, streamlining the process so you can concentrate on daily life. Throughout, we remain reachable, responsive, and focused on practical results that help you move forward.
Trust is built through transparency. We discuss fees upfront, share case updates promptly, and invite your questions. Decisions are made together, after reviewing options and potential outcomes. Our commitment is to do the work that adds value—collecting the right evidence, filing the right motions, and engaging in negotiations at the right time. When you hire us, you get a legal team that listens carefully, prepares thoroughly, and advocates with purpose. Call 856-856-2373 to talk about your case and the path that fits your goals.
We follow a structured, client-focused process. First, we listen and assess your goals. Then we gather evidence, identify key issues, and map timelines and deadlines. You receive a straightforward plan that explains next steps, likely scenarios, and decision points. We keep communication consistent, so you know what we are doing and why. Whether we are defending charges or pursuing compensation, preparation guides each move. If negotiations stall, we pivot to motion practice or litigation. At every stage, we protect your rights while seeking the most efficient and favorable outcome available under New Jersey law.
We start with a detailed consultation to understand your concerns, review documents, and identify immediate priorities. In criminal cases, we examine charging papers and the circumstances of the stop or arrest. In injury matters, we review medical needs, insurance coverage, and initial evidence. We outline options, potential timelines, and costs, so you can make informed choices about how to proceed. This stage sets expectations, clarifies goals, and ensures that important deadlines and evidence preservation steps are addressed without delay.
During the initial strategy session, we gather the facts, flag urgent issues, and discuss your priorities. We identify documents to collect, witnesses to contact, and medical or investigative steps to initiate. You receive guidance on what to avoid, such as social media posts or statements that may harm your case. We also review court or insurance timelines and plan for upcoming events. This foundation guides the entire matter, helping us allocate effort where it delivers the greatest value and keeping the case organized from day one.
Evidence tends to fade, so early action is vital. In criminal cases, we request discovery, seek videos, and evaluate grounds for motions. In injury matters, we document the scene, secure photos, and request medical records. We contact insurers or prosecutors as appropriate and make sure all communications protect your interests. By acting quickly and deliberately, we position your case for productive negotiations and minimize the risk of missing key information that could affect strategy, valuation, or trial preparation down the line.
With a plan in place, we conduct a thorough investigation and assemble documents into a clear, persuasive package. In criminal defense, we scrutinize the legality of stops, searches, and testing. In injury cases, we compile medical records, bills, and proof of losses. We engage prosecutors or insurers with organized submissions that highlight strengths and address disputes. Negotiations are guided by facts, law, and your goals. If reasonable resolution is possible, we pursue it. If not, we pivot to motions or litigation while keeping you informed at every step.
We push for complete discovery and analyze it with your objectives in mind. In criminal matters, that can include bodycam footage, lab reports, and witness statements. In injury claims, it involves medical narratives, expert opinions when needed, and documentation of wage loss and daily limitations. We identify inconsistencies, strengthen gaps, and choose the right time to present arguments. This step refines the case theme and prepares you for upcoming decisions, whether that’s accepting a fair offer or moving toward court intervention.
Negotiations are most effective when supported by clear facts and a realistic assessment of risk. We explain likely outcomes, potential costs, and timing, then recommend a strategy that matches your goals. We proceed with respectful, firm advocacy that encourages meaningful dialogue. If offers reflect the strengths of your case, we discuss settlement. If not, we outline the next steps—motions, hearings, or filing suit—and ensure you understand benefits and tradeoffs. Your informed decisions guide the path forward, and we adjust tactics as new information emerges.
When negotiations fail to produce a fair result, we move toward court. For criminal cases, that means motion hearings, contested issues, and, if necessary, trial. For injury claims, it includes filing suit, depositions, and pre-trial procedures. Throughout, we continue to evaluate settlement opportunities while preparing each stage with care. We help you understand what to expect in court and how to participate effectively. Resolution may come through dismissal, plea, settlement, or verdict. Our focus remains steady: protect your rights and pursue a result that reflects the facts and the law.
Before trial, we finalize themes, witnesses, and exhibits. In criminal matters, we argue motions to suppress or limit evidence and address anticipated testimony. In injury cases, we prepare deposition outlines, motion briefing, and trial materials. Preparation ensures each hearing is purposeful and efficient. We continue evaluating offers and counteroffers, balancing the risks and benefits of settlement against the prospects of trial. Clear communication guides every decision so you remain informed, engaged, and confident about the chosen course.
If trial proceeds, we present evidence clearly, challenge opposing claims, and advocate for your position. Many cases still resolve along the way, and we evaluate any offer in light of the record and your goals. After resolution, we address sentencing, expungement eligibility, or post-judgment issues in criminal matters, and liens or final paperwork in injury cases. We also review lessons learned and discuss future steps to protect your interests. Our aim is to close your case with clarity and ensure you have what you need to move forward.
Stay calm and be polite. Provide license, registration, and insurance upon request. You have the right to remain silent and to decline roadside questions beyond identification. Field sobriety tests and portable breath tests have legal implications; ask to speak with a lawyer as soon as possible. If you are arrested, do not argue at the roadside. The best time to challenge the stop or testing procedures is later through the legal process, not during the stop. As soon as you can, contact our office for guidance. After release, write down everything you remember, including times, locations, and statements made. Preserve receipts, texts, or videos that may provide a timeline. If there were passengers or witnesses, gather their contact information. We will request bodycam and dashcam footage, review paperwork for defects, and evaluate potential defenses or alternatives. Early involvement allows us to protect your rights, address license issues, and plan a strategy that fits your goals and the evidence.
New Jersey has deadlines for filing injury claims, and some matters require even earlier notices, especially if a public entity is involved. Missing a deadline can bar your claim regardless of its merits. Because timelines vary by case type and facts, prompt review is important. We confirm the applicable statute of limitations, preserve evidence, and coordinate your medical documentation so valuation can be supported when negotiations begin. The sooner you speak with counsel, the better your chances of locating witnesses, securing scene photos, and organizing records. Early steps often influence settlement leverage and reduce delays. If your treatment is ongoing, we help plan a strategy that balances timely negotiation with the need to present a complete picture of your injuries. Call us to review your situation and the timelines that apply to your claim.
Even a first-time charge can carry consequences for employment, licensing, insurance, and immigration status. A lawyer can review the basis for the stop or arrest, examine discovery, and identify potential defenses or alternatives. Sometimes issues like an unlawful search or incomplete paperwork can quickly change the case posture. We also help you prepare for court appearances and understand possible outcomes so you can make informed decisions. If a targeted negotiation or diversion program is available, we work to pursue the option that best protects your record and goals. If the case requires motions or trial preparation, we map the steps and timelines so there are no surprises. Our focus is on minimizing disruption to your life while addressing the legal issues thoroughly and efficiently.
Valuation depends on liability, the severity and duration of injuries, medical expenses, lost wages, and how the injuries affect daily life. Policy limits and comparative negligence also play important roles. We build your claim with medical records, bills, and documentation of limitations, then present a comprehensive demand package. Our goal is to communicate your losses clearly and encourage fair settlement discussions. Every case is different, and estimates before complete documentation can be unreliable. We discuss likely ranges, strengths, and risks as evidence develops. If offers are insufficient, we consider litigation, depositions, and expert input when warranted. Throughout, we keep you informed so you can choose the path that fits your needs and comfort level.
Most criminal cases resolve before trial through dismissal, diversion, or negotiated outcomes. Whether a case proceeds to trial depends on evidence strength, legal issues, and the parties’ willingness to resolve. We assess discovery, file appropriate motions, and discuss potential resolutions. If trial becomes the best path, we prepare thoroughly and keep you ready for each stage. Our approach is to pursue fair resolution while preparing as if the matter could be tried. This balance creates leverage in negotiations and ensures readiness if a trial is necessary. You will understand the options, risks, and timelines at each decision point so you can move forward confidently.
New Jersey’s auto insurance system often involves Personal Injury Protection (PIP) benefits for medical expenses after a car accident, subject to policy terms. For other injury types, health insurance or liens may come into play. We review your coverage, explain coordination of benefits, and help you avoid missed forms or deadlines that could interrupt treatment. Keeping bills organized is important for both ongoing care and claim valuation. If another party is responsible, we pursue reimbursement through settlement or litigation. We also address potential liens from health insurers or government programs to ensure compliance and smooth case closure. Our goal is to keep treatment on track while building a strong, well-documented claim.
It’s common for adjusters to call quickly and request a recorded statement. You are not required to provide one to the other party’s insurer, and doing so without guidance can harm your claim. Adjusters are gathering information that may be used to limit or deny compensation. Politely decline and refer them to your lawyer. We handle communications and provide documentation in an organized way that protects your interests. If your own carrier requires cooperation, we guide you through that process. We ensure accurate, complete information is shared without speculation or unnecessary detail. When all communications run through our office, your claim proceeds more smoothly and consistently, with fewer missteps that can delay or reduce a fair outcome.
The first court appearance, often called an arraignment or first appearance, introduces the charges and addresses scheduling or release conditions. We ensure you understand the allegations, potential consequences, and immediate options. Preparation helps reduce anxiety and supports respectful, efficient proceedings. Afterward, the case moves into discovery and motion practice. We request evidence, analyze the strengths and weaknesses, and discuss strategy. You’ll receive guidance on what to expect at the next hearing and how to prepare. Clear communication after the first appearance sets the tone for the rest of the matter.
New Jersey law allows certain records to be expunged, which can improve employment and housing prospects. Eligibility depends on the type of offense, the outcome, and the time that has passed. We review your record, identify qualifying entries, and advise on the steps and documentation needed for filing. Accurate, complete petitions increase the chance of success. If you qualify, we gather court documents, prepare filings, and submit them to the appropriate venue. We also address potential objections and set expectations for timing. If you don’t qualify now, we outline future options or waiting periods. A brief consultation can clarify eligibility and next steps.
Comparative negligence reduces compensation by your percentage of fault. For example, if you are found partially responsible, your recovery may be lowered accordingly, and exceeding a legal threshold can bar recovery. Insurers often raise fault arguments to minimize payouts, so we gather scene evidence, witness statements, and expert input when appropriate to present a clear narrative of what happened. We address fault issues early, organize proof, and challenge assumptions that overstate your responsibility. Effective presentation of the timeline, road conditions, and vehicle movements can shift how liability is viewed. With solid documentation and timely action, negotiations tend to be more productive and fair.