If you face possession of controlled dangerous substances (CDS) charges in Mahwah, Bergen County, the consequences can affect your driving privileges, employment, and future opportunities. This page explains the legal landscape in Mahwah and New Jersey, outlines common defenses, and describes what to expect when charged. The Law Office of Edward Appel represents clients in criminal defense, including CDS matters, and can guide you through arrest procedures, arraignment, and case resolution. Early action matters: taking prompt steps after an arrest often leads to better outcomes, whether negotiating reduced charges, seeking diversion, or preparing for trial in local courts.
A possession charge in Mahwah can arise from many scenarios, including traffic stops, searches of residences, or encounters during investigations. Understanding how New Jersey law defines possession and the potential penalties is important for anyone confronting these allegations in Bergen County. This guide will help you understand the legal terms, the stages of a criminal case in Mahwah, and practical steps to protect your rights. We also describe how a local criminal defense attorney can evaluate police procedures, challenge unlawful searches, and pursue alternatives that may minimize long-term consequences of a CDS possession charge.
Facing a possession charge in Mahwah makes local knowledge of Bergen County courts, municipal procedures, and county prosecutors valuable. A lawyer familiar with New Jersey criminal statutes and local practice can assess whether police followed constitutional rules during stops and searches, identify weaknesses in the prosecutor’s case, and seek favorable resolutions such as pretrial diversion or reduced charges. Effective representation can also preserve driving privileges, address potential impacts on employment, and advise on post-conviction options. Timely legal guidance helps clients make informed decisions at arraignment and through each stage of a case to pursue the best possible outcome.
The Law Office of Edward Appel provides criminal defense and DUI representation to residents of Mahwah and surrounding Bergen County communities. The firm handles a range of matters, including possession of CDS, distribution allegations, and related offenses. Clients receive direct, practical guidance about legal options and potential consequences in New Jersey courts. The firm focuses on clear communication, case strategy tailored to individual circumstances, and aggressive defense where appropriate. Contacting the office promptly after an arrest allows attorneys to begin investigating the facts, reviewing police reports, and protecting clients’ rights from the outset.
Possession of CDS under New Jersey law includes different degrees and categories depending on the substance involved, quantity, and whether the possession is for personal use or distribution. In Mahwah, charges may result from traffic stops, searches of homes or vehicles, or police investigations. The legal process typically begins with arrest and booking, followed by an initial court appearance and arraignment. Penalties range from fines and probation to jail time and loss of privileges, so understanding how charges are classified and what defenses might apply is essential for anyone navigating the New Jersey criminal justice system.
In Bergen County, prosecutors consider factors such as prior record, location of the offense, and evidence strength when deciding how to charge a case. An attorney can review discovery materials, challenge evidence obtained through unlawful search and seizure, and investigate alternative explanations for observed items. For many clients, resolving the matter through negotiation or diversion reduces long-term harm. For others, preparing a strong defense at trial may be necessary. Knowing the likely timelines, possible outcomes, and mitigation strategies helps individuals make deliberate choices that protect their future and legal rights.
Under New Jersey law, possession means having control over a substance, either physically or constructively, with knowledge of its presence. Constructive possession may apply when a substance is found in a shared vehicle or residence and multiple people have access. The state distinguishes simple possession from possession with intent to distribute, with different penalties for each. To secure a conviction, the prosecution typically must show that the defendant knowingly had control over the substance. Analyzing how possession is defined and applied in Mahwah cases is a central part of building a defense.
Successful defense planning requires reviewing each element the prosecution must prove, such as possession, knowledge, and the nature of the substance. Common defense strategies examine the legality of stops and searches, chain of custody for seized items, and reliability of field tests. Pretrial motions can challenge evidence or seek suppression if constitutional violations occurred. The process also includes plea discussions, possible diversion programs for eligible individuals, and trial preparation when necessary. Understanding these stages helps clients anticipate next steps and evaluate settlement offers against potential trial outcomes.
This glossary defines common terms used in possession cases to help clients understand court documents and attorney advice. Definitions include possession, constructive possession, indicia of possession, chain of custody, diversion, arraignment, and plea bargaining. Familiarity with these terms helps individuals follow legal proceedings in Mahwah municipal and Bergen County courts, and to participate more effectively in decisions about case strategy. Clear communication of legal concepts is part of preparing for hearings, negotiating with prosecutors, and assessing potential consequences.
Possession refers to having physical control or the ability to exercise control over a substance. In New Jersey cases, possession can be actual, such as holding a container, or constructive, where the item is in a place under the defendant’s control. Prosecutors must generally prove knowledge and control to support a possession conviction. Defenses often focus on lack of knowledge or lack of control, showing the substance belonged to another person or was hidden without the defendant’s awareness. Understanding possession is fundamental to evaluating potential outcomes in Mahwah cases.
Constructive possession applies when a person does not physically hold an item but has the ability and intent to control it, for example when illegal drugs are found in a shared home or vehicle. Prosecutors may rely on circumstantial evidence such as proximity to the substance, access to the location, and ownership of the container. Defenses address whether the defendant knew of the substance’s presence or had the capacity to exercise control. In Mahwah cases, distinguishing between actual and constructive possession can be decisive.
Indicia of possession refers to items or circumstances that suggest control over a substance, such as scales, baggies, large sums of cash, or residue on clothing. These signs may support charges of possession with intent to distribute when coupled with quantity and packaging. Defense strategies may challenge the interpretation of these indicators, point to alternative explanations, or seek to exclude unreliable evidence. Examining indicia carefully matters in Bergen County prosecutions where prosecutors use such factors to argue for harsher charges.
Diversion programs offer eligible defendants alternatives to traditional prosecution, often involving counseling, treatment, community service, or monitoring. Successful completion can lead to dismissal or reduced charges, helping to avoid long-term criminal consequences. Eligibility depends on the offense, prior record, and prosecutor or court policy. An attorney can determine whether diversion is available in a Mahwah matter and assist with applications, negotiations, and compliance to maximize the chance of a favorable resolution outside of a conviction.
When confronted with a possession charge in Mahwah, individuals can pursue a range of legal approaches, from limited assistance such as guidance at arraignment to a comprehensive defense that includes full investigation, motion practice, and trial preparation. Limited services may address immediate needs but could leave important issues unexplored. A comprehensive approach typically involves detailed review of police reports, witness interviews, forensic analysis, and pretrial motions to challenge evidence. Choosing the right path depends on factors like the severity of charges, prior record, and long-term goals for employment and licensing in New Jersey.
A limited approach may be reasonable for low-level possession cases involving small amounts of a substance and first-time offenders who face minimal penalties and qualify for diversion. In such situations, focused help at critical moments—such as arraignment or plea negotiations—can secure a favorable outcome without an extensive campaign of motions and trial preparation. The decision to pursue limited assistance must weigh the long-term consequences on records and professional licenses, and an attorney can advise whether a brief intervention is likely to achieve a satisfactory resolution in Mahwah or whether broader defense efforts are warranted.
In cases where prosecutors offer clear diversion or dismissal options early, limited representation may suffice to accept terms and ensure compliance. This route is often appropriate when the factual record is straightforward and the client seeks to resolve the matter quickly to minimize disruption. Even with limited representation, it is important to document terms, deadlines, and any conditions to avoid future complications. Consulting with a local attorney in Bergen County helps determine whether a short-term engagement meets the client’s long-term legal and personal needs.
A comprehensive defense is often necessary when charges are serious, involve larger quantities, or when the defendant has prior convictions that increase exposure to harsh penalties in New Jersey. In such cases, attorneys undertake full investigations, subpoena records, retain forensic testing, and file pretrial motions to challenge searches or evidence handling. A robust strategy may lead to reduced charges, suppression of evidence, or acquittal. Clients facing elevated consequences benefit from representation that thoroughly prepares for every stage of the criminal process in Bergen County courts.
When the facts are disputed, or evidence includes complex forensic tests, witness credibility issues, or contested chain of custody, a comprehensive defense can uncover weaknesses in the prosecution’s case. This may include independent testing of substances, carbon-copy requests for police body-worn camera footage, and witness interviews to develop alternative narratives. A full defense plan allows for strategic pretrial motions and trial readiness, increasing the likelihood of achieving a favorable outcome in Mahwah or mitigating consequences through negotiation informed by detailed case knowledge.
Choosing a comprehensive defense approach can protect your legal and personal interests by addressing every stage of the case thoroughly. Benefits include the potential suppression of unlawfully obtained evidence, reduction or dismissal of charges through negotiation backed by strong legal arguments, and stronger trial performance if the case proceeds. A methodical defense also helps identify diversion or treatment options that resolve matters without a conviction on record. This level of representation helps clients in Mahwah pursue outcomes that minimize long-term harm and protect employment and licensure opportunities in New Jersey.
A full defense strategy also focuses on practical risk management for clients, advising on steps to reduce collateral consequences while the case is pending. Counsel can address how criminal matters may affect child custody, professional licensing, or immigration status and work to mitigate those impacts through negotiation or alternative resolutions. Engaging legal representation early allows for proactive investigation and timely motions that can change the trajectory of a case. For many individuals in Bergen County, this comprehensive approach yields better results than a minimal legal response.
A comprehensive defense includes filing motions to suppress evidence that was obtained in violation of constitutional protections against unreasonable searches and seizures. Successful suppression can significantly weaken the prosecutor’s case or lead to dismissal. Counsel examines police reports, body camera footage, warrant affidavits, and forensic procedures to identify possible violations. In Mahwah and Bergen County, pretrial motions play a central role in shaping case outcomes, and careful legal argumentation can prevent unreliable or unlawfully obtained items from being admitted at trial.
When attorneys build a detailed factual and legal record, they gain leverage in negotiations with prosecutors to pursue reduced charges, diversion, or favorable sentencing terms. This leverage comes from demonstrating weaknesses in the state’s case or presenting alternatives that serve public safety while avoiding the collateral consequences of a conviction. For people charged in Mahwah, such negotiation can preserve driving privileges, protect employment, and limit fines. A well-prepared defense therefore improves the chances of a constructive resolution without sacrificing client rights.
After an arrest in Mahwah, take immediate steps to preserve records and evidence relevant to your case. Keep notes about the stop or encounter that led to the arrest, including times, locations, and names of officers if known. Preserve emails, messages, or other documents that could show lack of knowledge or ownership of an item found by police. Do not discuss the case on social media. Early documentation and preservation of facts helps attorneys evaluate defenses and prepare motions. Prompt contact with an attorney also allows for timely requests for discovery and access to potential surveillance or dashcam footage.
If you are offered diversion or pretrial program participation, comply fully with conditions and deadlines to preserve the possibility of dismissal or reduced charges. Attend all required appointments, complete counseling or treatment programs, and submit reports as directed. Failure to follow program rules can result in reinstated charges or harsher consequences. Keep records of completed requirements and share them with your attorney to document compliance. Careful adherence to court orders and program terms demonstrates responsibility and helps secure favorable outcomes in Mahwah and across Bergen County courts.
Criminal charges for possession of CDS carry penalties that may affect jail time, fines, and future opportunities, including employment and licensing in New Jersey. Legal counsel helps assess the strength of the prosecution’s case, identify constitutional violations in stops or searches, and pursue diversion or reduced charges when appropriate. Representation also aids in navigating court procedures, meeting deadlines, and presenting mitigating information to prosecutors or judges. Engaging counsel early maximizes available options and helps clients make informed decisions tailored to their circumstances and long-term interests.
An attorney provides advocacy at critical points such as arraignment, plea negotiations, and pretrial hearings, reducing the risk of unintended admissions or procedural missteps. Counsel can request and review discovery, consult forensic specialists if necessary, and prepare motions that challenge inadmissible evidence. For defendants concerned about collateral consequences, including immigration implications or professional licensing, legal advice shapes a defense plan that addresses those risks. Having counsel in Bergen County courtrooms ensures your rights are protected and your voice is heard throughout the process.
Possession charges in Mahwah often arise from traffic stops where officers discover substances in vehicles, searches of homes during investigations, or encounters at public events. Other situations include arrests following consensual encounters, searches incident to arrest, and enforcement actions based on anonymous tips. Sometimes substances are found in shared living spaces, leading to constructive possession allegations. Understanding the typical factual scenarios helps defendants and counsel anticipate prosecutorial approaches, identify witnesses or evidence that support defenses, and prepare appropriate legal strategies tailored to Bergen County procedures.
Traffic stops are a frequent origin of CDS possession charges when officers search a vehicle and locate a substance. The legality of vehicle searches depends on whether police had probable cause or valid consent, and whether any search exceeded the lawful scope. An attorney reviews the facts of the stop, dashcam footage if available, and the officer’s report to determine whether the search complied with constitutional protections. Challenging unlawful searches can lead to suppression of evidence and may substantially weaken the prosecution’s case in Bergen County court.
Searches of residences can result in possession or constructive possession charges, particularly when illegal substances are found in common areas or in spaces accessible to multiple occupants. Defenses may focus on lack of knowledge, absence of control, or invalid search warrants. A lawyer can obtain search warrant affidavits and challenge any deficiencies in probable cause or execution. In Mahwah cases involving shared housing, documenting living arrangements and ownership of items can be important to demonstrate that the accused did not possess or control the substance.
Field encounters that result in arrest often involve officers conducting on-the-spot tests and relying on those results in charging decisions. Field tests may be unreliable, and laboratory confirmation can differ. Defense strategies include questioning the reliability of field testing, requesting independent laboratory analysis, and challenging chain-of-custody issues. Additionally, statements made during initial encounters can be scrutinized to determine whether rights were properly afforded. Careful review of investigative steps is essential to identify weaknesses in evidence presentation at trial or during plea discussions in Bergen County.
The Law Office of Edward Appel focuses on criminal defense and DUI matters, serving clients across Bergen County including Mahwah. We provide clear communication about case status, possible outcomes, and realistic strategies tailored to individual needs. Our approach emphasizes protecting rights, minimizing collateral consequences, and pursuing diversion or negotiated resolutions when appropriate. We work to investigate the facts thoroughly and present the strongest possible case at every stage, whether through motions or negotiations with prosecutors in Mahwah and Bergen County courts.
Clients benefit from prompt, personal attention to their matters and practical advice grounded in local court practices. The firm helps clients understand choices such as contesting evidence, entering diversion programs, or negotiating plea agreements to reduce penalties. We also assist with documentation and compliance when conditions are imposed. Our representation aims to limit the long-term effects of a CDS charge on employment, licensing, and personal reputation while protecting legal rights throughout the process in New Jersey.
Engaging counsel early allows for timely discovery requests and investigation that can influence case outcomes. Whether addressing a first-time possession allegation or a more serious charge, the firm evaluates the best path forward based on facts, law, and client priorities. We strive for clear, honest guidance about potential risks and options so clients can make informed choices. If you are facing a CDS possession charge in Mahwah, contacting the Law Office of Edward Appel is an important step to begin protecting your interests and navigating the Bergen County court system.
At intake, we gather facts about the arrest, collect police reports, and review any available recordings or witness statements. We then evaluate constitutional issues, chain-of-custody concerns, and evidence reliability. Next, we file discovery requests and, where warranted, motions to suppress or dismiss. We communicate regularly about plea offers, diversion possibilities, and trial timelines. Throughout every phase we provide practical advice on maintaining compliance with court conditions and protecting collateral interests such as employment and licensing. This process ensures that clients in Mahwah are informed and prepared at each step.
The early stages of defense include evaluating the arrest report and advising on immediate court appearances. Once charged, defendants typically undergo arraignment where charges are read and bail conditions are set. A lawyer can appear to request reasonable conditions, explain plea options, and ensure that rights are preserved. Early discovery requests are submitted to obtain police reports, test results, and body camera footage. Prompt action at this stage helps uncover any procedural defects and informs decisions about whether to pursue suppression motions or negotiate with prosecutors in Mahwah and Bergen County.
We analyze the arrest narrative, officer statements, and any initial field test results to determine the strength of the state’s case. This review identifies potential Fourth Amendment issues related to searches and seizures, as well as gaps in the prosecution’s timeline. We also check whether Miranda protections were observed if custodial interrogation occurred. Gathering this information early allows the firm to plan motions and manage expectations about likely outcomes, including diversion eligibility and plea negotiation possibilities in Mahwah courts.
Discovery requests seek police reports, laboratory results, dashcam footage, body camera video, and witness statements. Preserving this material early prevents loss of potentially exculpatory evidence and gives the defense time to consult independent labs or witnesses. We may also request maintenance logs for lab testing and documentation of chain of custody to identify weaknesses. Effective discovery management often provides leverage during plea discussions or grounds for suppressing unreliable evidence in Bergen County proceedings.
Based on discovery, we determine whether to file motions to suppress evidence, dismiss charges, or compel additional information from the prosecution. Investigations may include interviewing witnesses, seeking surveillance footage, and arranging independent testing of substances. Motions that challenge the legality of searches, the sufficiency of warrants, or deficiencies in lab procedures can change the course of the case. In Mahwah, pretrial hearings provide opportunities to resolve contested issues before trial, and thorough preparation at this stage strengthens the defense position in negotiations or courtroom advocacy.
We scrutinize the basis for searches and seizures to determine whether consent was voluntary or probable cause existed. If a search was conducted without a warrant and lacking legal justification, we may seek suppression of resulting evidence. A successful motion can significantly reduce or eliminate the prosecution’s ability to prove possession. Attention to procedural detail and careful legal argumentation are essential to persuade a judge in Bergen County that evidence should be excluded due to constitutional violations.
When appropriate, we arrange independent laboratory testing to verify substance identity and purity and to evaluate whether field tests were reliable. Reviewing lab protocols and chain-of-custody documentation can reveal problems that raise reasonable doubt or justify suppression. Expert consulting in forensic procedures, when needed, assists in cross-examining prosecution witnesses and presenting alternative interpretations of the scientific evidence. These steps are important when a case hinges on chemical testing and laboratory integrity in Bergen County prosecutions.
If resolution is possible, we pursue plea agreements, diversion, or alternative sentencing that minimize the impact of charges. When trial is necessary, we prepare witnesses, develop cross-examination strategies, and create jury themes that highlight weaknesses in the prosecution’s case. Preparation includes assembling documentary evidence, obtaining witness affidavits, and rehearsing courtroom presentation. Whether negotiating with prosecutors in Mahwah or presenting a full defense at trial, thorough preparation increases the likelihood of a favorable outcome while protecting client rights throughout the process.
Negotiations focus on minimizing penalties through reduced charges, diversion programs, or agreed-upon sentences that protect future opportunities. We present facts and legal arguments showing why a lesser resolution is justified, including mitigation such as lack of criminal history, employment considerations, or rehabilitation steps. Clear communication with the client about the risks and benefits of any proposed resolution ensures informed decision-making. Effective negotiation requires detailed knowledge of local prosecutorial practices in Bergen County and a firm grasp of the case record.
When no satisfactory resolution is possible, we prepare for trial by developing witness examinations, evidentiary strategies, and persuasive legal arguments to create reasonable doubt. Trial preparation includes mock examinations, organization of evidence exhibits, and coordination with any necessary forensic consultants. Presenting a coherent story that undermines the prosecution’s narrative can lead to acquittal or reduced charges. Our goal in Bergen County trials is to advocate vigorously for the client’s rights while maintaining professional courtroom conduct and clear advocacy for the jury or judge.
Penalties for possession of a controlled dangerous substance in New Jersey depend on the drug type, amount, and any prior convictions. Simple possession of certain substances can be charged as a disorderly persons offense or a fourth-degree crime, while larger quantities or evidence of distribution elevate the charge’s severity. Sentences may include fines, probation, mandatory treatment, license suspension, and possible jail time. The exact exposure varies with the classification of the controlled substance under state law and the specifics of the alleged conduct. If you face charges in Mahwah, an attorney can explain likely penalties based on the charging documents and prior record, and advise whether diversion or plea options could reduce or eliminate a conviction. Early review of the case permits investigation of mitigating facts and constitutional defenses that may lessen potential punishment or lead to more favorable resolutions in Bergen County court.
Evidence obtained during a traffic stop can be suppressed if the stop or subsequent search violated the Fourth Amendment. Courts examine whether officers had reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle, probable cause to search, or valid consent. If a search was conducted without legal justification, evidence discovered—including CDS—might be excluded from trial. Video footage, officer reports, and witness statements are often central to assessing legality of the stop. In Bergen County, filing a motion to suppress early is an important step when constitutional issues are present. A successful suppression motion can lead to dismissal or weaken the prosecution’s bargaining power, making it easier to negotiate reduced charges or alternative resolutions for defendants in Mahwah.
Simple possession generally refers to having control of a small amount of a controlled substance for personal use, whereas possession with intent to distribute involves factors suggesting sale or distribution, such as packaging, scales, large quantities, or large sums of cash. The distinction matters because intent-to-distribute charges usually carry far more severe penalties under New Jersey law. Prosecutors rely on indicia to support distribution allegations, but those factors can often be contested. An attorney reviews the circumstances, tests, and evidence to determine whether intent-to-distribute allegations are supportable. Defense strategies include challenging the interpretation of indicia, arguing lack of knowledge or control, and seeking plea agreements that properly reflect the offense if the distribution elements are weak or disputed in Mahwah court.
Diversion programs exist in New Jersey for certain eligible offenders and are often available for first-time, low-level possession cases. These programs typically require participation in counseling, treatment, community service, or monitoring, and successful completion can result in reduced charges or dismissal. Eligibility depends on the offense, defendant’s background, and prosecutorial or judicial discretion in Bergen County. An attorney can advise on diversion availability and assist with applications and negotiations to secure program placement. Completing diversion requirements carefully and documenting compliance is essential to obtaining the full benefits of the program and avoiding reinstatement of charges in Mahwah.
You should contact an attorney as soon as possible after an arrest to protect your rights and begin investigation. Prompt representation allows counsel to request and review discovery, preserve potential evidence such as camera footage, and advise you about interactions with law enforcement and court appearances. Early legal involvement also positions the defense to file timely motions that can affect the course of the case. Waiting can limit options and may allow the prosecution to solidify its evidence without meaningful challenge. In Mahwah and across Bergen County, early action often improves the ability to negotiate favorable resolutions, pursue suppression motions effectively, and plan for diversion or alternative outcomes tailored to individual circumstances.
A possession conviction can have significant effects on employment, background checks, and professional licensing, depending on the job and licensing body. Employers may view convictions unfavorably, and certain occupations may impose licensing consequences for criminal records. Immigration status can also be affected in some circumstances. Understanding potential collateral consequences is a critical part of planning a defense strategy in New Jersey. An attorney will advise on specific risks given your profession and help pursue outcomes that minimize record impact, such as diversion, expungement eligibility where applicable, or negotiated resolutions that avoid a conviction. Addressing these issues early helps protect career and personal interests in Mahwah and Bergen County.
You have the right to refuse a search of your vehicle or home in many circumstances unless officers have probable cause, a valid warrant, or a recognized exception. Consenting to a search can waive important rights, so it is often advisable to politely decline and ask to speak with an attorney. However, refusing a search may lead officers to seek a warrant or take other enforcement steps depending on the situation. An attorney can explain the legal standards that apply and assess whether any later search was lawful. If a search was conducted improperly, defense counsel may seek suppression of evidence obtained as a result. Knowledge of these protections informs how to respond during police encounters in Mahwah.
Laboratory testing plays a central role in confirming whether a seized substance is a controlled dangerous substance and in determining its classification under New Jersey law and associated penalties. Field tests performed by officers are preliminary and sometimes unreliable, so lab confirmation is often necessary for prosecution. Chain-of-custody documentation and lab protocols can be scrutinized for discrepancies that may undermine the reliability of results presented at trial. Defense counsel may request independent testing or challenge lab procedures and handling to cast doubt on the prosecution’s scientific evidence. Highlighting errors or gaps in testing can weaken a case and support motions to exclude unreliable results in Bergen County proceedings.
The timeline for possession cases in Bergen County varies with case complexity, court schedules, and whether pretrial motions are filed. Simple matters that resolve through diversion or early plea may conclude within weeks or months, while contested cases involving suppression motions or trials can extend for many months. Factors such as lab testing backlogs or discovery disputes also affect timelines. Being prepared for a potentially extended process helps clients manage expectations and plan accordingly. Maintaining regular communication with counsel ensures you are informed about court dates, deadlines, and strategic decisions. Your attorney can take steps to expedite discovery and coordinate with prosecutors when appropriate to seek timely resolution in Mahwah courts.
Bring any documents related to the arrest to your first meeting with a defense attorney, including police reports, charging documents, court notices, and any correspondence from prosecutors. Provide details about the circumstances of the stop or search, contact information for witnesses, and records of any medical or treatment history that may be relevant. Being candid about prior convictions or pending matters helps the attorney assess exposure and advise on strategy. Also bring identification, employment information, and questions about fees and next steps. The initial consultation is an opportunity to outline your goals, understand possible defenses, and learn what immediate actions are recommended to protect your rights in Mahwah and Bergen County courts.